1.1
General
Zoning
is the application of common sense and fairness to public regulation governing
the use of private land. Zoning can be defined as the creation by law of the
zones such as residential, commercial, industrial, civic, institutional and
recreational in which regulations prevent misuse of lands and buildings and
limit their height and densities of population differing in different zones. While
planning a city the area of town can be divided into following zones:
1.
Industrial zone
2.
Administrative zone
3.
Business zone
4.
Open space
5.
Residential zone
a)
Different zone for different height
b)
Zone for single family
c)
Zone for two family
d)
Zone for apartment houses
6.
Recreational zone
7.
Local administrative zone
8.
Agricultural zone.
Zoning
sets apart different areas in the town for specific purposes. It prevents
encroachment of one zone upon another adjacent to it.
1.2
Objects of Zoning
The
objects or purposes of zoning are as follows:
1.
To lessen congestion in streets.
2.
To secure safety of fire and other hazards.
3.
To promote health and general welfare.
4.
To provide adequate light and air.
5.
To protect the value of property.
6.
To prevent over-concentration of population.
7.
To facilitate transportation, water supply, sewerage,
schools, parks, etc.
8.
To encourage the most appropriate use of land.
1.3
Principles of
Zoning
The
main principles of zoning can be briefly summarized as follows:
1.
Arrangement of zones: The usual pattern of zones is in
central area, and undeveloped area. The other pattern of zones would be to
provide blocks or units for various uses in different parts of the town.
2.
Boundaries: The design of boundaries for different
zones should be carefully made. A railway line or a park or an open green space
may prove to be satisfactory boundary.
3.
Existing towns: When zoning is to be applied to an
existing town, the information regarding the existing use of land is gathered
and as far as possible, the town is divided into zones by considering the
pre-dominant use in the particular areas.
4.
Flexibility: The principles of zoning may be rigidly
enforced. But at the same time, care should be taken to observe flexibility in
working out the details for zoning. For instance, homes should be very near to places
of work to reduce time of travel. Similarly, the small shopping centres for
day-to-day requirements should be allowed in residential zone.
5.
New towns: For designing a new town of known
population, the areas required for residence, industry and business are worked
out with the help of suitable methods. The town is divided into suitable zones.
1.4
Advantages of
Zoning
Following
are the advantages of zoning:
1.
Business or commercial areas are separately located
with their garages and service stations at a distance from the residential
areas.
2.
The industrial area is located away from the
residential area so it is not affected by dangerous gases, smoke, etc.
3.
The population is distributed throughout the town by
zoning, so there will be no concentration of population in any one particular
zone.
4.
Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings.
Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses.
5.
The zoning permits the economic use of various public
utility services such as water supply, drainage lines, and telephone lines,
etc.
6.
A land in the form of recreational area is provided to
use as playgrounds, stadiums, parks, talkies, etc.
7.
Zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly
development and overall welfare of community.
8.
The zoning results into minimum chances of fire
occurrence.
9.
If zoning is adopted, it results into controlled future
development of the town.
1.5
Densities of a Town
1.
Overall town density = Total population / Total town
area
2.
Developed area density = Total population / Total
developed area
3.
Gross residential area density = Total population /
Total residential area
4.
Net residential area density = Total population / Net
residential area
5.
Accommodation density = Number of habitable rooms /
Area
6.
Occupancy rate = Number of persons / Number of
habitable rooms
7.
Floor Space Index = Total built up area / Plot area
1.6
Aspects of Zoning
1.
Density zoning:
·
In density zoning, the density of population in
the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations.
·
The density of population per unit area may
either be expressed as gross density or net density.
·
The gross density is the average density of
population per unit area of the whole area.
·
The net density is defined as the average
density of population per unit of the housing area, including local roads only,
excluding open spaces, public institutions, shopping centres, etc.
The
following are the indirect measures adopted to have effective density zoning:
a)
The front, side, and rear margins from the boundaries
are specified.
b)
The maximum height of the building is specified.
c)
The minimum size of allotment for each house is
specified.
d)
The number of houses per unit area is limited.
e)
The ratio of total site area to the total built-up
floor area is specified.
The
advantages of density zoning are as follows:
a)
It promotes healthy conditions, as population is
distributed throughout the town.
b)
It prevents over-crowding.
c)
It facilitates the proper layout and designing of
various public amenities and services.
d)
The land values are stabilized.
e)
It ensures enough light and ventilation to the
residences.
2.
Height density:
·
The main objects of height zoning are as
follows:
I.
To supply enough daylight to the buildings
II.
To cause reasonable traffic movement.
·
It aims to control the height of buildings with
due consideration of the following:
I.
Bulk and cubical contents of the buildings
II.
Street width and other adjacent marginal open spaces.
·
Due to height zoning, there is considerable
setback in the design of high rise buildings or skyscrapers.
·
The restriction on the height of buildings will
depend on nature of building, type of zone and climatic conditions.
Advantages of height zoning are as follows:
a)
It does not allow tall buildings to come up nearby
smaller buildings.
b)
It establishes minimum standards in terms of light, air
and space, thereby creates healthy conditions.
c)
It controls the setback from roads.
d)
It helps to construct the buildings with uniform
height, which gives aesthetic appearance.
e) It
controls the land values.
3.
Use zoning:
·
The main principle of use zoning is to divide
the city into different zones, in correct location with respect to the others.
·
It avoids the encroachment of one zone upon
another adjoining it.
·
Utilization of each zone according to the
purpose for which it is allocated.
·
Factories and industries on the residential
areas can be completely avoided.
·
This zone provides open spaces, privacy and good
health for the inhabitants of the town.
·
It results into stabilization of land values.
·
It provides better traffic facilities, water
lines, sewer lines and use of other public utility and amenities in an
efficient way.
Under the Use zoning the town is divided
into the following:
a)
Residential zone: This is very important zone of the
town, where the people of the town live together in large number. This zone
covers an area of 40% - 50% of total land. The buildings coming under this zone
are single family houses, semi-detached houses, group housing, chawl, flats,
sky-scrappers, etc. The following are the points considered while locating residential
zones:
·
Near to the market, free from noise and smoke,
parks and playgrounds should be close by.
·
It should have certain amount of privacy and
separated from other zones by wide strip of green belt which may consists of
parks and parkways, etc.
·
Speedy travel and communication facilities.
·
Peaceful surroundings, as far as possible from
industries and business zones.
·
Healthy environment with respect to hygienic and
sanitary requirements.
b)
Industrial zone: This zone covers an area of 5% - 20%.
This is next to the residential zone in terms of importance. Hence great care
should be exercised in locating the industries. The following are the points
considered while locating industrial zones:
·
Minor industries like bakeries, dairies,
laundries may be grouped and located close to the residential zone for the
benefit of inhabitants.
·
Light industries and factories like manufacture
of glass, porcelain, and ice, etc. which use only electric power can be located
anywhere on the periphery of the town.
·
Heavy industries giving out obnoxious (or
harmful) gases and the industries causing noise such as manufacture of cement,
steel, and other such material should be located on the outskirts of the town.
·
The special industries producing undesirable
trade wastes and by-products may be located far away from town in spacious
grounds.
c)
Commercial zone: This zone covers an area of 2% - 5%.
This zone consists of markets, banks, ware-houses (gowdons), business offices.
These should be located near centres of traffic and as far as along the
road-sides.
d)
Civic zone: This zone covers an area of 2% - 3%. This
contains all public buildings like town hall, court, public libraries, post
office, museum, auditorium, bank, show-rooms, stores and houses for the
employed under the government.
e)
Institutional zone: This zone covers an area of 1% -
2%. This zone contains schools, colleges, institutions, etc.
f)
Recreational zone: This is planned in the remaining
area of the town, usually 15% - 20%. This is an important zone since it
provides healthy environment for the people. It mainly includes parks,
playgrounds, stadiums, cinemas, community centres. Generally, the various units
of recreational zone are scattered throughout the town.
Reference:
·
Town Planning by Rangwala. Published by
Charotar, 24th edition; 2011.
·
Principles and Practice of Town and Country
Planning by Lewis Keeble. Published by The Estates Gazette Ltd., London; 1959
·
Town Planning text book by H.S. Vishwanath,
Published by Sapna book house, 2nd revised and enlarged edition;
2014.
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